Breast Implant Basics - Implant Placement:
Whether to place the implant under the muscle (subpectoral) or above
the muscle (subglandular), that is the question.
The first doctor that I consulted recommended under the muscle
placement because there may be less risk of capsular contracture and better chance of
unobscured mammograms. The doctor I used for my surgery does the surgery through the navel
but feels that there is less risk when implanting above the muscle. He decides based on
your choice and what is best with regard to how much breast tissue you have. I had
mine placed under the muscle.
The placement question seems to create a lot of confusion or
controversy among both patients and surgeons. There is no best answer for any one person.
Each person's own physical characteristics may make the choice for one woman or her
surgeon entirely different than the choice for another. Another problem is apparent
confusion about the medical terminology that applies to this issue.
Subglandular placement
of breast implants
This means placement of the implant above the pectoral muscles but
below the mammary gland. Technically, all implants are subglandular because implants
placed below muscle are also below the mammary gland. However, this term refers to
placement just below the mammary glands and above the muscle. This placement is also
referred to as retroglandular or submammary.
Subpectoral breast
implant placement
Often loosely referred to as "submuscular," subpectoral
means placement of the implant below the pectoralis major muscle. In subpectoral
placement, the implant is only partially submuscular due to the nature of the pectoral
muscle under which the implant is placed. The lower half of the implant is not covered by
muscle in this type of placement. This placement is also referred to as retropectoral.
Submuscular placement of
breast implants
Although many refer to subpectoral placement as
"submuscular," fully submuscular placement actually means placing the implant
under not only the pectoralis major muscle (covering the upper portion of the implant) but
also under related muscles at the lower half of the implant.
Advantages and disadvantages
Capsular contracture
Some surgeons believe, based upon clinical studies regarding
placement of the implant and contracture rates, that placing the implant below the
pectoralis muscle (subpectoral) or fully submuscular, reduces the rate of capsular
contracture (see contracture in risks, above) when compared to above the muscle placement
of the implant. Keep in mind that there is not total agreement as to whether this is truly
the case.
One alternative that has been suggested to prevent capsular
contracture is the textured implant which, even if placed above the muscle, is also
supposed to reduce the rate of capsular contracture. Whether this is true is also the
subject of some debate. Furthermore, many believe that textured implants are more likely
to create visible rippling. Surgeons who disagree with this view of textured implants
claim that rippling is a result of improper filling of the implant and not at all with the
surface of the implants.
Rippling of the implants
In women with little breast tissue, subpectoral or fully submuscular
placement is likely to reduce the chances of visible rippling of the implant. This should
be true regardless of the originating reason for the rippling (underfilling or textured
surface, depending on the opinion held) because the implant is partially or full covered
by muscle, in addition to breast tissue.
Mammography and breast augmentation
Although technology increasingly makes better breast imaging
possible with and without implants, placement of the implant below the muscle is thought
generally to improve mammography by making it less likely that the implant will prevent
proper imaging of all of the breast tissue. Subglandular (or above muscle) placement, on
the other hand, is thought to be more likely to interfere with imaging. While implants
containing alternative fills such as soy or peanut oil have been experimented with due to
their being radiolucent (they allow imaging to pass through the implant), none have been
approved for use so the above muscle placement of the implant still causes some concern
with regard to mammography.
Breast Sagging
In most fully submuscular placements and potentially in subpectoral
placement as well, many surgeons contend that the implant is better supported than in
subglandular (above muscle) placement, resulting in less sagging of the augmented breast
in the long term.
Appearance Concerns
Initially, and especially with silicone implants, implants were
predominantly placed above the muscle (subglandular). Most surgeons can agree that in the
ideal case where a woman has adequate breast tissue to disguise the implant and assuming
no rippling or contracture, above the muscle placement would result in the most likely
natural looking result because the implant is behind only the tissue itself, the tissue
that is being augmented and which will take on the augmented shape. In women with adequate
or a lot of breast tissue, subglandular (above muscle) placement is likely to yield the
most natural looking result. Women who work out with weights complain of an unusual
appearance while working out with implants that are behind the muscle as the muscle can
contract the implant into a distorted shape. In most women with average to little breast
tissue, under the muscle placement can help to avoid the "fake" look of implants
that are apparent because they are closer to the surface.
A potentially more natural look for over the muscle placement is
mostly true in women with any significant sag or droop (ptosis) of the breast tissue.
Because the pectoralis muscle tends not to sag, placement of the implant behind the muscle
means that the implant is likely in these women to be higher on the chest than sagging
breast tissue, which will tend to look like separate tissue hanging from the firmer,
higher mound of the implant. Because of this, in cases where subpectoral or submuscular
placement is desired (read on for the reasons this might be so), many surgeons will
recommend a mastopexy (breast lift) in conjunction with a subpectoral or submuscular
augmentation when there is significant droop.
Due most of the factors listed above, many surgeons prefer under the
muscle placement, whether subpectoral or fully submuscular, but again, the patient's
physical characteristics will affect the decision as well as the surgeon's preference.
